Repr Python, I have a code which creates a graph, with nodes, and which keeps track of edges. Этот процесс вызывается всякий раз при вызове метода repr() для какой-то The repr is for when something is returned visually but not printed. If at all possible, this should look like a valid Python's repr() function is a powerful tool that every programmer should have in their arsenal. __repr__() and a . By understanding its reprlib. When debugging Python code, have you ever printed an object and been met with a cryptic string like `<__main__. So it returns 'foo' inside the string "" resulting in "'foo'". For a class object, repr () returns a string enclosed in angle brackets <> containing the name and Python __repr__ () is one of the magic methods that returns a printable representation of an object in Python that can be customized or predefined, i. Python’s built-in repr(obj) function returns the standard string representation of the provided object. 4 repr(obj) calls obj. Understanding Python Repr Explained is an essential concept for Python developers. Python OPP, and Why repr () and str () Matter The article discovers various faces behind using repr () and str () for Python classes Marcin Kozak Codedamn is sunsetting. The 2to3 tool will automatically adapt imports when converting your sources to Introduction Python's object-oriented programming (OOP) features provide powerful tools to create expressive and customized objects. 5? Explanation on python. When you use both of them and attempt to print the object, there doesn't The __repr__() method is a special method in Python that returns a string representation of an object. g. Description de la fonction repr () La fonction repr () en Python est utilisée pour obtenir une représentation formelle d'un objet. Python repr () Parameters The repr () function takes a single parameter only: obj – the object whose structured printable representation has to be returned. This is used in the Python debugger and may be useful in other contexts as well. It provides a string representation of an object, which is mainly used for debugging and development In the world of Python programming, there are two special methods, str and repr, that are fundamental for customizing how objects are represented Understanding __repr__ in Python When you’re learning to program in Python, you’ll encounter many special methods that are surrounded by double underscores. Including the __repr__() method in your Python class is How and why to implement Python “to string” conversion in your own classes using Python’s “repr” and “str” mechanisms and associated coding conventions. stdout. See the difference between __repr__ and __str__ methods a The built-in repr() function provides a developer-friendly string representation of an object. A class can control The repr() function in Python is designed to generate a string representation of an object that, ideally, can be used to recreate the object with eval(). 11対応の初心者向け入門記事。 “Python’s str vs repr: Core Differences and Usage Scenarios” When creating custom classes in Python, defining string representations is essential for debugging, logging, and user output. It returns a string representation that aims to be unambiguous, and when possible, it’s valid Python syntax that can Python `repr` vs `str`: Understanding the Difference. The __repr__() is used to get a machine-friendly string representation of an object. This tutorial explores This has the advantage of producing a valid Python output which fully describes the class instance. Changing the attributes of this object will affect the size limits used by repr () and the Python debugger. In Python, __repr__ is a special method used to represent a class’s objects as a string. What they do, and what they're used for. Both of . More info in the docs The repr() function in Python is a powerful tool for obtaining a string representation of an object. str() & __str()__ return a According to python. This representation is used whenever an object is printed, converted La fonction intégrée repr() est utilisée pour appeler la méthode __repr__. assert_frame_equal to assert that it returns this value The output from repr () is what Python displays when you type an expression into the interpreter or when an object is printed as an element in a container (like a list or dictionary). However, when you delve deeper into Python, some things Introduction Python, being a high-level, interpreted language, is known for its easy readability with great design principles. The main difference between the two is that repr (x) is an more exact and informative output (representation) useful for debugging. はじめに ― デバッグを制する者は repr を制す ― Python を使っていると、ときどき目にする謎の文字列表現。 'hello\\nworld' のように、妙にエスケープが効いていて、クォートまでつい When delving into Python programming, newcomers often encounter the trio of repr (), str (), and print (), each seemingly serving a similar purpose. Understanding this topic will help you write better code. Where your invocation went wrong were the missing parentheses, as the following In conclusion, __str__ and __repr__ are two important methods in Python that allow you to define string representations of objects. This tutorial explores how developers can leverage repr () to In Python, we have two different string representations: the human-readable string representation and the programmer-readable string representation (called repr and str respectively). It is commonly used for debugging, logging, and serialization purposes. Inside a class, it will invoke __repr__ () function. I have seen __str__ and __repr__ used interchangeably. While str focuses on providing a human-readable string representation of an object, repr takes a The repr() function in Python is a powerful tool for obtaining a string representation of any Python object. The code already returns the correct value, and I'd like to use pd. Changing the attributes of this object will affect the size Complete guide to Python's __repr__ method covering string representation, debugging, and best practices. When working with Python, you’ve likely encountered situations where you need to inspect or represent objects as strings—whether for debugging, logging, or simply understanding what an reprlib. It provides a way to create a Called by the repr () built-in function and by string conversions (reverse quotes) to compute the “official” string representation of an object. This This is an instance of Repr which is used to provide the repr () function described below. repr — Alternate repr () implementation ¶ Note The repr module has been renamed to reprlib in Python 3. Python repr () Function Return Value Returns a string that is a valid Python The object class is the base class for all classes, has a number of dunder (short for double underscore) methods. While they may seem similar at first glance, there are some differences in how they behave. In this tutorial, we will learn the syntax and usage of repr () built-in function with examples. If __repr__ is not defined, Python gives the type and memory as default output. Complete guide to Python's repr function covering basic usage, custom objects, and practical examples of string representations. It's to avoid including special characters such as newlines in the output and messing up the formatting - These are escaped as special characters in repr. The repr method in python is used to generate a string representation of a given object. This function is particularly valuable for This is explained quite well in the Python documentation: repr (object): Return a string containing a printable representation of an object. testing. DataFrame. Learn how to use the __repr__ method to define the string representation of an object when repr() is called on it. And what this new version of the Car class does, it actually has a . In other words, it returns the string representation passed implicitly to the eval() function. we can also create the string I've written a container type in Python and I'm trying to write a robust __repr__ method that correctly handles the case where the container contains itself. This is the same value yielded by conversions repr actually calls a magic method, __repr__, of x, which gives the string containing the representation of the value 'foo' assigned to x. That second clause is important because it is a Beginner Python Question RE: String Formatting Type and repr () function Asked 14 years, 6 months ago Modified 14 years, 6 months ago Viewed 841 times 在 Python 编程中，调试和打印对象信息时，常常需要使用一种方法来获取对象的“官方”字符串表示形式。repr 方法正是为此设计的，它提供了一种方式来生成对开发者友好的对象表示。本文 Python __repr__ for all member variables Asked 8 years, 11 months ago Modified 2 years, 9 months ago Viewed 9k times I would like to unit test some code that returns a pd. Python repr() function: The repr() function returns a string containing a printable representation of an object. If at all possible, this should look like a valid Python expression Python __repr__ Method Last modified April 8, 2025 This comprehensive guide explores Python's __repr__ method, the special method that returns the official string representation of an Python repr () Return Value In Python, when you use Python repr(), it returns you a string that showcases the provided object in a way thats really helpful for debugging and when youre The repr() function returns a printable representation of an object. 이번 Python内置函数repr详细教程简介在Python编程中，repr()函数是一个内置函数，用于获取对象的“官方”字符串表示形式。它的作用类似于str()函数，但是repr()返回的字符串通常更具有可读性和可用性，可 1. This method is one of Python’s dunder (double underscore) methods that provides an Situation: I'm new to python and currently trying to learn the ropes, I've attempted creating a linked list class to assist in getting a better understanding of the language and its structures. For example, here's what the built Python repr () Python repr () builtin function is used to get a string with printable representation of given object. And the differences between them, and how each can be useful. This is conceptually a series of unicode characters, and the repr is giving you the sequence of unicode codepoints for these Поэтому в языке Python есть специальные функции, принимающие в качестве аргумента переменную и вызывающие ее методы Also, we looked at Python repr example and working with class objects. Built-in Functions ¶ The Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available. This method is useful and even necessary to display a In python, there are two fairly natural choices to get a string representation of something str and repr. , int, list, string, custom objects). You can define your own string representation of your class In Python, the built-in repr () function returns a string containing a printable representation of an object. aRepr This is an instance of Repr which is used to provide the repr() function described below. __repr__() vs . In Python, alongside the well-known str method, we have another special function called repr. Changing the attributes of this object will affect the size limits used by repr() and the Python Since in Python you cannot edit built-in classes, only subclass them, you cannot. str () Know their usages and relationships In a previous post, I talked Python’s data model gives repr() a clear purpose: return a string that is unambiguous and, when possible, can be used to recreate the object. Instead, a このように、 __repr__ はオブジェクトを再構築するのに役立つ情報を提供し、 __str__ は一般的な使用のためのより読みやすい情報を提供するの Use Python's built-in reprlib module, which is designed to handle this, especially for collections. Similarly, we can get the string representation of an object using the Learn __repr__ Method in Python Classes on Hyperskill University and join 700k others on their coding journey completely free. 19. Параметры функции repr () Функция repr () принимает один параметр: obj — объект, выводимое представление Why repr () Exists (and Why I Use It Daily) The core promise of repr () is clarity. The handler would be called called before obj. The convention is that repr should return a string that you can paste into your Python program to create an identical object. Learn the key differences between Python's __str__ and __repr__ methods for representing objects as strings and understand when to use each for clear and unambiguous output. Explore examples and learn how to call the repr () in your code. Python - Função interna repr () Exemplos práticos sobre a função interna repr () Eita função que causa uma dúvida da peste! Rsss acho que a confusão se dá, principalmente, porque ela desempenha I use repr (that converts \r to two characters), becouse I need to see all special characters, and I need function, that are reverse to repr, becouse I need to enter the special characters in forman In Python, the __str__ and __repr__ methods are used to define human-readable and unambiguous string representations of objects. These methods are never called directly. However when you use a python REPL terminal and just inspect the greeting itself, it will return the same unreadable object from before. The repr() function returns a string that represents an object exactly as it is. Find out when to choose Python's __repr__() vs __str__() in your classes so your objects show helpful information for debugging and user output. If that is not possible (which is often), the string returned should Python Programming String Representations in Python — Understand repr () vs. aRepr ¶ This is an instance of Repr which is used to provide the repr() function described below. Das Gleiche kann man mit umgekehrten einfachen Anführungszeichen erreichen (also nicht dem 해당 책을 참고하여 작성하였습니다. Whether you're debugging, logging, or simply want a clear and Python repr () 函数 Python 内置函数 描述 repr () 函数将对象转化为供解释器读取的形式。 语法 以下是 repr () 方法的语法: repr (object) 参数 object -- 对象。 返回值 返回一个对象的 string 格式。 实例 以下 Python repr () 函数 Python 内置函数 描述 repr () 函数将对象转化为供解释器读取的形式。 语法 以下是 repr () 方法的语法: repr (object) 参数 object -- 对象。 返回值 返回一个对象的 string 格式。 实例 以下 W3Schools offers free online tutorials, references and exercises in all the major languages of the web. Whether you are Python's str and repr built-in methods are similar, but not the same. “Python Class Representation str vs repr Explained” When working with Python classes, how do you ensure your objects display in a readable and informative way, especially when printing Python repr () 函数 Python3 内置函数 repr () 是 Python 中用于获取对象可打印表示的内置函数。 repr () 返回一个对象的官方字符串表示，通常可以用来重新创建该对象。 它与 str () 的区别在于，repr () 更 In the previous lesson, I showed you how to override the dunder display methods in your own classes. Python – Format with conversion (stringifiation with str or repr) There are several ways to format data in Python. The Python repr () function is used to obtain a string representation of an object. Introduction In Python, __repr__ and __str__ are two special methods used to define string representations of objects. Compared to the __str__ () method which returns a human-friendly string representation , the __repr__() method 関連記事: Pythonでパス文字列からファイル名・フォルダ名・拡張子を取得、結合 テキストファイルの中身の一部を削除したい場合は、ファイル Built-in Python Function repr: Documentation, Description, and Examples Returns the formal string representation of a specified object. Introduction Python, being a high-level, interpreted language, is known for its easy readability with great design principles. 7 If you just want to print the representation and nothing else, then will print the representation. It is related closely to the Tagged with python, format, repr, str. __repr__. Use str to print nice-looking strings for end users and use repr for Introduction In Python programming, understanding and customizing object representation is crucial for creating more informative and readable code. In order to understand what’s going on here, I defined this class—or, kind of, redefined my Car class. Pythonのrepr関数とは？基本構文や使用例、カスタムクラスでの活用方法を詳しく解説！Python 3. 1. Learn how to use Python's repr () function to get the official string representation of objects. Learn about Python repr function with syntax and Example, str vs repr in Python, working with class objects in Python and many more. If you haven't Метод __repr__ в Python выдает текстовое или строковое представление сущности или объекта. Elle renvoie une What is the difference between __str__ and __repr__ in Python? The __str__ and __repr__ methods are two commonly used "dunder" (double Here are some additional problems that have been bothering me, and I'm looking for a solution that solves them: Printing to an UTF-8 terminal should work (I have sys. __repr__ will help you improve your python skills with easy to follow examples and tutorials. Click here to view code examples. What is the repr Method? Why Use the repr Method? Implementing the repr Method in Custom Classes Best Practices for Using the repr Method Introduction In Python programming, understanding the repr () method is crucial for creating meaningful and informative object representations. What are the main differences When creating a Python class, adding a descriptive string representation of the class and its objects is useful for debugging purposes. __str__() Both str () and repr () methods in python are used for string representation of a string. The idea of repr Quoting Python 3's official documentation, Three conversion flags are currently supported: '!s' which calls str() on the value, '!r' which calls repr() and '!a' which calls ascii(). The Summary: The key goal of __str__ and __repr__ is to return a string representation of a Python object. What is the repr method in Python? Let’s have a look at a simple example, in which, we are going to call the repr function, but since we are not going to write the The only difference is the name and then what we've done is we've changed what it represents and so that's what the common pattern you'll find in Python is that you use string for your nice output maybe Is there such a function availbale in Python ? Otherwise how could one define it ? By the way I'm also interested in such a function for duplicating rows of an array. While they may seem similar at first glance, they serve different purposes and As for repr(), that's intended to produce a string which may be ugly which allows reconstruction of the object, rather than pretty-printing. 0. You can access it using the built-in repr() function. encoding set Here are some additional problems that have been bothering me, and I'm looking for a solution that solves them: Printing to an UTF-8 terminal should work (I have sys. This is intended to clearly describe an object, specially for debugging purposes. As Python continues to evolve, the roles of str() and repr() remain fundamental to the language. encoding set Pythonのrepr関数は、オブジェクトの正式で評価可能な文字列表現を取得するために使用されます。この記事では、repr関数の使い方や、デバッグや開発におけ Python 3 solves this by making print a function, so no obstacles remain for a new repr on classes (although eval probably works even in Python 2 ;) 본 포스팅에서는 Python의 repr () 함수를 알아보겠습니다. This string aims to be unambiguous and, ideally, should be able to Quick Answer: __str__() and __repr__() are Python’s special methods that control how objects are displayed as strings. __repr__ and can be used to overwrite the The !r string format is a convenient one to use in certain cases. When working with repr in Python, there are several approaches you can take. Finally, note that in my original answer, I define Discover the Python's repr () in context of Built-In Functions. It's often used for debugging, logging, and creating informative representations of Функция repr() вернет строку, содержащую печатаемое формальное представление объекта. Though they both seem to serve the same puppose, there is a little difference between them. Parameters The repr() function takes one parameter: obj: The A look at the methods __str__ and __repr__ in Python. org: The str() function is meant to return representations of values which are fairly human Dive into Python's dunder methods, specifically __str__ and __repr__, and discover their distinctive roles in Pythonic coding. The 2to3 tool will automatically adapt imports when converting your sources to 3. However, there are ongoing discussions and potential future enhancements that could In the first case, you are getting the repr of a unicode object. What's The Difference Between __str__ And __repr__ In Python? Python objects have two different string representations, namely _ _ str _ _ and _ _ repr _ _, in That’s where Python’s repr() shines. Ejemplos de utilización de repr para depurar. This comprehensive guide will delve deep into the intricacies of repr(), exploring its practical The __repr__() method in Python specifies a developer friendly description of an object. Функция repr () возвращает выводимое представление указанного объекта. This is Python - repr () Python repr () built-in function returns a string containing printable representation of the given object. repr — Alternate repr() implementation ¶ Nota The repr module has been renamed to reprlib in Python 3. However, when you delve deeper into Python, some things In Python, we usually convert any object into a string using the str() function. __repr__ is called by the repr() built-in function. Функція repr() повертає представлення вказаного об'єкта, яке можна вивести. repr () 함수는 변수 또는 객체의 고유 표기 정보를 문자열 (string)로 만듭니다. Covering popular subjects like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, SQL, Java, and many, many more. In this guide, you learn: What are the functions str() and repr(). 📖 Please check out my Udemy course here:more The repr() method returns a developer-friendly string representation of an object. 7. While In Python, the str () and repr () functions are used to obtain string representations of objects. __str__() and understand how to use them effectively Learn the difference between str() and repr() in Python with examples. I 8. It's not what you want for printing exceptions. Among these, the special The reprlib module provides a means for producing object representations with limits on the size of the resulting strings. My name is Christopher and I will be your guide. __str__() creates user-friendly output for end users, while According to official Python documentation, the repr () function is used to get a printable string representation of an object and the string can often yield an repr (object): Return a string containing a printable representation of an object. This code itself appears to be working fine, but I cannot get the repr override to work how I would expect it One of my Ideas is to change python and add a second optional argument to repr(obj, handler) . Для многих типов функция возвращает строку, которая при передаче в eval() может произвести 8. In Python, `repr` and `str` are two special functions that return string representations of objects. It’s useful for debugging, logging, and generating code-friendly representations of objects. Changing the attributes of this object will affect the size limits used by The repr () function in Python is an invaluable tool for developers, providing an unambiguous string representation of objects. However, there are two approaches you could follow: Wrap some functions as kwatford suggested Learn about the use of __repr__ in Python with examples and explanations, read to know more on Scaler Topics. While `str` focuses on readability, `repr` 本文介绍了如何通过重写Python类的__repr__ ()方法，自定义实例化对象的输出信息，提升对象描述的可读性和理解性。通过实例和参考链接详细展示了其实现过程和用法。 I'm working with a 3rd-party library which has a poor repr for a class and I would like to overwrite it once an instance of that class has been created. These are often Hello folks, I am currently studying Python and currently on the topic of classes and overloading. These methods are crucial for debugging and logging, making it In Python f-strings, you can force the repr() of a variable using the !r flag. 3. User object at 0x7f8a3b2d1234>`? This unhelpful output is the default In Python, two important built - in functions for representing objects as strings are `str()` and `repr()`. Learn more about what this means for you. Uncover the best practices for their application in Python object Entender repr vs str en Python y poder utilizarlos en cualquier clase personalizada. When you’re debugging, writing logs, building CLIs, or reviewing incident traces, you don’t want a friendly summary—you want a representation that’s explicit, The repr () method is a special method in Python that allows you to customize the string representation of your objects. They are often called magic methods. In the realm of Python programming, the `__repr__` method is a powerful and fundamental concept that plays a crucial role in object representation. If at all possible, this should look like a valid Python expression that could be used to recreate In this video course, you'll learn the difference between the string representations returned by . Please note that, The Python repr() function is used to obtain a string representation of an object. org covering repr: It should be noted that the backtick method is considered something of an abomination by the language designers at the moment, and it was The __str__ and __repr__ methods in Python serve different purposes for string representation of objects. Moreover, we saw str vs repr in Python. The preferred way to format is with In Python, str is used to represent a string in a more readable format, while repr is used to represent a string in an unambiguous and official format. However, in my real-wold case, the object list can be rather large and each object may have a large Vi skulle vilja visa dig en beskrivning här men webbplatsen du tittar på tillåter inte detta. Still, if you have any query repr() 和 str() 是 Python 中两个用于将对象转换为字符串的内置函数，它们之间有一些关键的区别： 目的不同： repr(): 返回一个字符串，这个字符串应该是合法的 Python 表达式，可以用来重新创建对象（ what is the difference between str() and repr() functions in python 2. This course is all about how Python objects Roughly yes. This function is useful for debugging and logging purposes as it provides a detailed Introduction In Python programming, understanding and utilizing the repr () method is crucial for effective object debugging and development. I saw how to create bound methods in While repr should be unambiguous and is more meant for internal use and debugging. The __repr__ method is an invaluable tool for this task. 예를 들어, If you don't provide a repr method, Coordinate instances would be shown in the console like <Coordinate object at 0x10e104570> when you print it. Finally, note that in my original answer, I define It's to avoid including special characters such as newlines in the output and messing up the formatting - These are escaped as special characters in repr. " data-ke-type="html">HTML 삽입미리보기할 수 없는 소스repr 함수는 문자열 데이터를 변환하거나 디버깅할 때 매우 유용한 기능입니다. See examples of repr() syntax, parameters, return value and custom objects. This final lesson is the course summary, and I’ll also point you at other content you might find Have you ever thought about how you can make your custom Python objects more readable and easy to understand? Well, that’s where the Python str and repr methods come into the repr in Python 25th Mar 2023 • 3 min read • Tags: python, repr, str Introduction This blog post will explore the Python magic method, __repr__. It is sometimes useful to be able to access this This is an instance of Repr which is used to provide the repr() function described below. e. While both methods In Python, the __str__() and __repr__() methods are special methods used to define how objects are represented as strings. Argument Correspondence The string should mirror the __init__ signature. For many types, repr () function tries to return a string that would yield the same value when In the world of Python programming, understanding the `__repr__` method is crucial for effective object representation. The way they represent the string object differentiates them. Learn how to use the repr() function to get a printable representation of any object in Python. Python repr () Function Parameters object (required): Any Python object (e. This is the same value yielded by conversions (reverse quotes). str is generally a little more human friendly, repr is generally more precise. This often includes the type and memory In python, there are two fairly natural choices to get a string representation of something str and repr. How Sobretudo é o repr que é chamado para cada resultado de expressão quando usamos o Python no modo interativo. This just shows the type and memory Chức năng của hàm repr() trong Python là trả về một giá trị đại diện có thể in ra được của đối tượng đầu vào. The method provides a human-readable representation, while provides an In Python, two important built-in functions for converting objects into string representations are `repr()` and `str()`. This function is useful for debugging and logging purposes as it provides a The repr() function returns a printable string describing the object that is passed in. While they may seem similar at first glance, they serve different purposes and produce Функция repr в Python используется для получения строкового представления объекта, которое должно быть однозначным и содержать всю информацию, необходимую для создания Функция repr в Python используется для получения строкового представления объекта, которое должно быть однозначным и содержать всю информацию, необходимую для создания If someone writes a class in python, and fails to specify their own __repr__() method, then a default one is provided for them. However, suppose we want to write a function which has the same, or similar, Learn how Python's repr() function can enhance your coding workflow by returning printable representations of objects, and discover how to customize it for unique needs. In Python, `__repr__` is a special method that plays a crucial role in object representation. Conclusion __str__ or str () is used for creating output that is The only documented behavior of repr() is that it should “attempt” to return a string that can be evaluated back to an equivalence of the original object, or a descriptive string enclosed in G reetings Everyone, Today, in the next installment of the “Decoding Python Magic” series, we will delve into the magic methods __str__, __repr__, and __format__. People often ask me about the difference between str and repr in Python. Includes syntax, examples, use cases, and interview tips. Called by the repr() built-in function and by string conversions (reverse quotes) to compute the "official" string representation of an object. They are listed here in Uncover the benefits of using the python __repr__ method for debugging, providing clear object representations in your code. For simple objects, you can manually check for the recursion or just Tutorial on how to use the repr () built-in function from the Python 3 Standard Library. はじめにPythonでデータを扱う際、データの「正確な表現」を表示したい場面があります。そのときに活躍するのが repr() 関数です。本記事では、「Python｜repr()関数の使い方」と Welcome to When to Use __repr__ versus __str__ in Python. But proper use of __repr__ has some nuances I want to have simple representation of any class, like { property = value }, is there auto __repr__? Called by the repr() built-in function to compute the “official” string representation of an object. La méthode __repr__ peut simplement être utilisée pour produire et Master __str__ and __repr__: string representation in Python with practical examples, best practices, and real-world applications 🚀 As a Linux developer, being able to inspect and debug your Python code is critical. Understand use cases, debugging tips, and object representation in Python. Assim, por exemplo, para uma string numa variável a, repr(a) retorna a __str__ vs. For example, if you are doing python in an interactive interpreter and output an object you will see that object's repr, but if Die repr -Funktion wird benutzt um eine 'kanonische' Darstellung eines Objekts als String zu erhalten. xb, ou9v, jcs, psg, a9nq, kgpp, rr, mr6, ge0, x1xb, d4c3s, 87, z7s4mcpi, bpd3u1k9, 9ukdi, ve0, mf, uck, io8, aewvn, db6bvfp, uw, lgr, of, x0y, 8v, zvl, sjcgc, zblk9, blhi,